1. 蔡暻洙(서울대학교), 〈淸朝의包攝政策과 鄭氏隷下海上集團의 轉向 - 臺灣遠征隊 구성원의 성격 분석을 중심으로 〉，《明清史研究》第52輯（2019年10月，南韓），頁257-291。
The Appeasement Policy of the Qing and the Conversion of Merchant-Pirate Groups under the Zheng - A Study on the Identities of the Members of the Taiwan Campaign Army
2. Limahong's Pirates, Ming Mariners, and Early Sino, ''Spanish Relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and Global History from Below'', Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints, Volume 67, Numbers 3-4, September-December 2019, 315-342.
1. 蔡暻洙(서울대학교), 〈淸朝의包攝政策과 鄭氏隷下海上集團의 轉向 - 臺灣遠征隊 구성원의 성격 분석을 중심으로 〉
摘要
This research attempts to draw a conclusion that the appeasement policy and the conversion of merchant-pirate groups under the Zheng served as the impetus of the Qing’s victory against the Zheng.
Most of the Fujianese merchant-pirate groups were normally under the banner of the Zheng or cooperated in the business of the Zheng. When they did not have any common interests with the Zheng, they often stayed in neutral, hardly supported the Qing against the Zheng. The Zheng was able to fight against the giant-the Qing empire- under the endorsement of Chinese merchant-pirate groups.
The Qing court implemented an appeasement policy targeting the Zheng continuously. The appeasement policy of the Qing may be categorized into two kinds. The one is conciliatory moves towards the chiefs of the Zheng directly. The other is aiming the subordinate groups of the Zheng instead. The former failed utterly, while the latter achieved enormous success. As a result, the Qing obtained powerful allies, whereas the Zheng lost its influence over the Chinese merchant-pirate groups.
Fujianese formed a majority in the Taiwan campaign army from high-level officers to low-level soldiers. Many of them were surrenderers from the Zheng camp. In other words, the Zheng was conquered by the Qing navy, which was composed of Fujian littoral peoples, who escaped from the shadow of the Zheng’s influence.
The military value of the Taiwan campaign army fell rapidly after the elimination of the Zheng. However, under Shi Lang’s tremendous efforts, the surrenderers melted into the Qing navy successfully. Surely, the retainment of Taiwan and the establishment of the Taiwan Garrison are the most representative achievements.
In short, the merchant-pirate groups in Fujian did not disappear with the extinction of the Zheng but transformed themselves into the Qing navy successfully.
2. Limahong's Pirates, Ming Mariners, and Early Sino, ''Spanish Relations: The Pangasinan Campaign of 1575 and Global History from Below''
摘要
In late November 1574, the notorious Limahong and his pirates arrived in the Philippine archipelago. Previous studies have focused on their infamous Manila raid. Cross-examining Ming Chinese and Spanish sources, the present study examines the campaign to capture them in Pangasinan in 1575, which reveals a temporary tripartite Sino–Spanish–Luzonese antipiracy alliance that is occluded in contemporary sources. This study highlights global history based on transregional linkages as embodied by Limahong's marauding pirates who, as nonstate actors, precipitated state-to-state contact between South China and the Philippine archipelago but whose escape in August 1575 unraveled early Sino–Spanish relations.
摘要：
本文以荷蘭語檔案文獻為中心，主要說明17至18世紀巴達維亞唐人美色甘（Collegie van Boedelmeesters te Batavia）的發展。1640年設立的巴達維亞唐人美色甘，專責處理巴達維亞殖民地社會中唐人與其他非基督徒住民的遺產。設立之初，僅處理唐人的遺產，但很快其管轄範圍即擴大至所有非歐洲人，並且附設美色甘病厝，照顧貧苦無依的唐人。直到1740年以前，唐人美色甘都是由總督與參事會指派的歐洲人與唐人武直迷（Boedelmeester）共同管理。1740年10月，荷屬東印度當局大規模屠殺唐人的紅溪慘案發生，唐人美色甘的管理階層自1744年起加入爪哇人與穆斯林武直迷，至1885年與功能相似、負責監理在巴達維亞歐洲人遺產的和蘭美色甘（Weeskamer）合併。
相較於19世紀後的發展，以及相似機構和蘭美色甘，唐人美色甘在17至18世紀以遺產管理為其主要業務，較未著重於遺孤照顧的層面；各種制度尚未健全。此外，就掌控的資本來說，唐人美色甘的規模也遠較同時期的和蘭美色甘為少。從各方面來看，唐人美色甘在巴達維亞殖民地的份量皆不及和蘭美色甘。
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